Supported by a Create NSW Arts and Cultural Grant – Old Parramattans
Members of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are advised that this essay contains names and images of deceased Aboriginal People.

Ulster and the British Empire
John Harris was born in 1754 on the Moy McIlmurry farm near Moneymore, Londonderry County, in the province of Ulster (present-day Northern Ireland). His family were Protestant tenant farmers working 68 acres leased from the Salters Company, which had received a large grant from the Crown in 1611. Harris’s early life was relatively prosperous, yet as he grew into adulthood a combination of rising rent, population growth, and Catholic demands on dispossessed land made for a turbulent time in Ulster.[3] In 1789 the Masonic Lodge at Magherafelt, near Moneymore, certified that Harris regularly attended their meetings and ‘has during his stay with us Behaved himself as an honest Worthy Brother.’[4] At the time, Freemasonry emphasised international brotherhood and equality and many army and navy officers took advantage of reduced fees to become members of the Irish lodges.[5]
How could any of you, whose benevolence should be [as] extensive as the habitations of man, behold two-thirds of your countrymen miserable, oppressed, naked, literally living on potatoes and point, labouring under sanguinary penal laws, taxed without being represented, unable in sickness to procure assistance, and obliged annually to desert their hovels at the approaching ravages of the hearth collector.[7]
The United Irishmen’s attempt to revive local Irish militia, the Volunteers, was met with repression and the raising of a government militia, partly because some supporters invoked the French Revolution as an example of republican progress.[8] Harris learned of these developments when his mother Ann and brother William wrote to him in 1793. William wrote of the ‘Great Disturbances through Ireland lately caused by Raising Volunteers which wore Green Cock,’ possibly referring to the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company, or the Green Company, ‘for which the Great of Ireland was much Displeased as they said they were French colours.’[9] He further noted that many of the local republican leaders had been summoned to Dublin for a trial,and imprisoned some of them four or five months – Doctor Reynolds Being one of them that had that fortune – There is Great work at present through all this Kingdom with Drawing Militia men those that are Drawn must Attend or send one in their place or be liable to severe punishment – We are all Missed as yet thank God.[10]
Harris’s mother Ann also noted the repression of the Irish Volunteers and Harris’s own personal connections to some of the leaders: ‘Government have set against it fearing they would do as France don [sic] with their King – Them that raised and was head of them was summoned to Dublin sum [sic] confessed others got pardons Doctor Cardwell Doctor Reynolds … Mr Bunton and many others of your acquaintance.’[11] Whether Harris would have embraced the political activity of his Freemason colleagues in Ulster is unclear. In New South Wales he became part of the colonial elite, but his Irish origins occasionally came to the surface. When Judge-Advocate Richard Atkins sued Harris for defamation in 1799, Atkins referred to the influence of the French Revolution on the Irish rebellion the previous year:the same fraternizing, equalizing and disorganizing System which has overturned that Country to her Foundations has lately been attempted to be introduced into the Country that has the Honor of recording Mr Harris’s nativity. Had it succeeded there it might perhaps have extended itself to this place, in that case I presume Mr Harris would have made Interest for the Office of Public Accuser or Censor General.[12]
Harris did not respond to such a suggestion, but the following year he was ironically part of a committee that recommended punishment of 1000 and 500 lashes to the ringleaders of a plot amongst Irish convicts who had been transported in February for their role in the 1798 rebellion.[13]

First Impressions


I know of no good they have as yet been to use nor do I think they will and from their Vindictive Disposition I am certain they will never be in friendship with us specially when their part is stronger than ours – They Diffr tribes are continually at war with each other and savage like are savage to each other [sic].[41]
Harris would later join an expedition up the Coquun (Hunter River) in Wonnarua Country in 1801 and in official correspondence sounded more sympathetic.[42] He informed Governor King that whilst charting the mouth of the river the local people had been ‘remarkably shy,’ speculating that ‘they have been badly used by the white people here some time since.’[43] The expedition, adopting an old tactic of explorers and colonisers, ‘caught two of them in the woods, treated them kindly, and let them go about their business. I hope it may have a good effect.’[44] Seventeen years later Harris volunteered for John Oxley’s expedition along the Wambool (Macquarie River) in Wiradjuri Country, which concluded with a trek down the coast from Guruk (Port Macquarie) in Birpai Country to Muloobinba (Newcastle) in Awabakal and Worimi Country.[45] Whilst setting up camp behind a beach near Sugarloaf Point in Worimi Country in October, they were approached by a group of unarmed Aboriginal People, which grew to about thirty men, women and children. Oxley believed they had been at Muloobinba (Newcastle) and ‘appeared a friendly and peaceable set.’[46] Much like the First Fleet officers had done in the first years of the settlement, Oxley’s party presented them with small gifts, shaved the men and cut the children’s hair as gestures of friendship. Indeed, Oxley wrote, it seemed that ‘They were so far from showing the least jealousy of their women, that every circumstance indicated that their favours might be purchased: however that may be, we did not avail ourselves of this privilege.’[47] The next morning, however, a number of men appeared and threw spears at Harris and George Evans whilst they were bathing, both of whom managed to escape in the water. The men attacked again when Oxley, Harris and Evans were discussing the event in Oxley’s tent.[48] Tensions continued in the following days as the expedition kept their distance from more armed groups on the way down the coast to Port Stephens in Worimi Country. For Oxley these incidents were evidence of the ‘treachery’ of the Aboriginal People of northern New South Wales.[49] It seems more likely that they viewed the explorers’ gestures of friendship and worthless gifts as inadequate compensation for the invasion of their land.
In December 2019, the Manning River Times reported that midden sites—traditional Aboriginal eating grounds—had been identified and were being assessed at Seal Rocks’ Number One Beach, one of the beaches behind Sugarloaf Point.
An Officer and a Gentleman

is it possible that the use of a trifling appellation can produce a change in the public opinion of a man so deeply plunged in infamy; or how can he be imagined to possess one feeling of the gentlemen when the enormities he is committing daily are considered?[67]
Years later, Harris stated in his defamation case that Atkins was an ‘unacknowledged outcast from his most respectable family who consider him a disgrace and a Pest.’[68] Atkins, responding in a tone that somehow combines snobbery and plaintiveness, asked the court,is it for an obscure Individual like Mr. Harris to judge and bring before a Court the private Concerns of a family too respectable to be known either by him or his consanguinity[?] Is it for him to weigh in a Balance the quantum of affection that may subsist in a family and to judge of the Reasons why one Brother does not assist the wants of another?[69]
He further declared that he did not care about the ‘private Trade’ of Mr. Harris, who ‘may sell his Pins and Needles to whom he pleases.’[70] Atkins was here setting up a moral distinction between his failings and the grubby commerce of Harris and the officers. ‘Pleasure may have been my pursuit and Pleasure I may have obtained at too high a price,’ he declared, ‘but I never broke in upon the peace of others. I never defamed the fair Character of any man nor did I ever oppress the poor and needy for sordid Lucre.’[71] Atkins looked down his nose at the army officers despite squandering his inherited social status, whilst Harris was one of those trying to improve his own social status by exploiting his privileged position on the peripheries of the British Empire. Whilst he participated in the same activities that brought officers like Macarthur, George Johnston, Anthony Fenn Kemp, and John Piper great wealth and fine homes and estates, Harris increasingly sought to engage with colonial society to a greater degree than others. In 1800 Governor King appointed Harris to the committee of the new Orphan School and to the magistracy.[72] The following year Harris accepted King’s offer to appoint him Naval Officer and police magistrate in Cadi (Sydney).[73] The Sydney Gazette was replete with stories of Harris investigating cases of theft and murder or organising for the capture of bushrangers.[74] On one occasion Harris organised the response to a dangerous fire in Cadi (Sydney), during which a falling piece of building work severely burned his leg and foot.[75]

place yourself, sir, in my situation as his Commanding Officer. He is going with information, ‘that the officers of the New South Wales Corps had made many reflections of the Commodore and the French officers being allowed to purchase spirits,’ &c., &c., as stated in your Excellency’s letter of the 4th instant … I say, sir, in this instance he has neither acted openly or honourably to me: he has acted, sir, with contempt and disrespect to me as his Commanding Officer … If any officer is allowed to act unnoticed as Mr. Harris has done, there is an end to all discipline, command, and respect which is due to me as his Commanding Officer.[91]
Harris’s actions had embarrassed officers who resented King’s obstruction of the trade in spirits and Paterson perhaps felt the need to shore up his standing with those officers. In fact, Harris was in an ambiguous position as both army surgeon and Naval Officer. King wrote a marginal note in Paterson’s letter of 9 October 1802, stating that Harris had acted ‘in the just discharge of his duty as a Naval Officer.’[92] Harris was caught in a conflict between civil and military authority, but there was nothing that King could do when Paterson asked the Governor to initiate court-martial proceedings against Harris and Minchin ‘to decide which of the officers had acted with candour.’[93] The charges against Harris in his court-martial included ‘ungentlemanlike Conduct in accusing Ensign and Adjt. Minchin of having advanced a Circumstance which Ensign and Adjt. Minchin denies’ and ‘disrespect to his Commanding Officer in not informing him of a Circumstance … which effected his Character.’[94] The Colonial Secretary Chapman was Harris’s main witness and stated that Harris had never used the term ‘complaint’ to describe the officers’ conversation. He also stated that Harris acted not to damage the honour of any officer but to provide ‘information incumbent on you to give to the Governor officially as Naval Officer.’[95] Paterson had no further evidence of his own to present so the court acquitted Harris. Yet Paterson had also objected to Harris occupying any civil office. Despite having recommended Harris due to the amount of free time he had, Paterson now claimed that those positions were contrary to instructions from his Commander-in-Chief preventing officers being taken away from their military duties.[96] A group of Sydney residents responded to Harris’s dismissal as Naval Officer and police magistrate with a petition asking the Governor to reconsider:the first moment John Harris, Esq’re, was appointed as a magistrate, they have to return him thanks for his assiduity in administering justice, and his unremitting attention to the high situation he held; his vigilance in detecting vice, and his faithful representation of all such matters as came before him. Under his magisterial eye we have enjoyed perfect security in person and property. We could lay down in safety, knowing that Mr. Harris was always awake. His ear was always ready to hear the tale of the unfortunate, and the public voice is, that he administered justice most impartially.[97]
King claimed that Harris, ‘who had ever maintained the most respectable character as a gentleman,’ had ‘long been the object of secret resentment for his assiduity in assisting me to carry the King’s Instructions respecting spirituous liquors into effect.’[98] At the same time King played a game with Paterson by giving him responsibility for ‘hitherto well-conducted police of this settlement.’[99] Knowing the burden this would place on him Paterson asked King to reinstate Harris as a magistrate but Harris refused.[100] Tensions continued to simmer into January and February 1803 when a number of satirical and ‘seditious’ papers began circulating around the New South Wales Corps, some of them being read aloud at Parramatta. One of these was written in the form of a conversation that referred to King’s recovery from a serious illness, with the first verse put into the mouth of ‘H-r-s’:To every loyal Christian heart,
The earnest news I hastily impart;
Congratulate you all, Te Deum sing!
Escaped from death and gibbet is our K—g![101]
King reiterated how Harris’s cooperation in the suppression of spirits ‘rendered him obnoxious to the trading gentlemen and importers of spirits.’[102] Following an investigation, King initiated court-martials against Lieutenant Thomas Hobby, Ensign Nicholas Bayly and Captain Kemp and appointed Harris to serve as Judge-Advocate on his behalf.[103] At the time Paterson had withdrawn from his duties, leaving the Corps under the command of Major George Johnston. In the middle of Kemp’s trial, after Harris had completed the prosecution’s case, Johnston stopped proceedings and arrested Harris on the charge of having disclosed the votes of judges in the trials of Hobby and Kemp to witnesses. Johnston communicated the formal charge of ‘Scandalous, Infamous behaviour, unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman … on Saturday last, the 19th Ult’o’ to King but insisted that the Governor, instead of suspending Kemp’s trial and proceeding with Harris’s court-martial, should immediately replace Harris with another Deputy Judge-Advocate in order to conclude the case against Kemp.[104] Harris and King saw Johnston’s actions as an attempt to close ranks and protect Kemp.[105] In tense correspondence between King and Johnston, each accused the other of acting contrary to the law and the peace of the colony. King frankly stated that Harris was the only officer he trusted and asked for a copy of the transactions of the court.[106] Johnston flatly refused and stated that King’s dismissal of Kemp’s court-martial was ‘totally irregular, contrary to the Rules of the Service and all kind of Justice as well as discipline.’[107] Johnston was simply refusing the Governor’s orders to convene Harris’s court-martial, a defiance which, King, remarked, ‘I cannot but regard it as annihilating my Authority Delegated to me by the King, Destroying the Charter by which the Colony is Governed, And introducing general Revolt, Rapine, and Murder.’[108] Johnston was taking advantage of legal uncertainties and contested jurisdictions to disregard the orders of the Governor, who had lost all trust in the Corps and could not rely on Judge-Advocate Atkins for good advice. There was no real resolution to the crisis and King ultimately referred the whole matter to London. The eccentric exile Sir Henry Browne Hayes wrote a letter to Lord Hobart stating that the,General contempt and universal hatred had left Gov. King with only one single adherent, Mr. Harris, the military surgeon, who, sent here a raw, ignorant boy, is indebted to this colony solely for his learning and accomplishments, and to Governor King for his consequence.[109]
Harris’s relationship with King certainly had its rewards as the embattled Governor granted him 34 acres in December 1803. It was the nucleus of his ‘Ultimo’ estate in Cadi (Sydney), Cadigal Country, so named because Johnston’s charges against Harris earlier that year had read ‘ultimo’ instead of ‘instant.’[110] In 1806 Harris received a further grant of 135 adjacent acres and purchased the adjoining properties of John Malone and William Mitchell.[111] Harris kept a small painting of the grand, two-storey house that stood where the University of Technology now stands in Cadi (Sydney). By 1807 Harris’s stock holdings amounted to 3 bulls, 40 cows, 11 oxen, 256 sheep, and 10 pigs spread across 2299 acres of pasture.[112] A herd of spotted deer imported from India roamed the grounds too, completing the picture of an English gentleman’s country estate.[113]
every description of persons (a few who you can guess excepted) heaping blessings on the head of my friend, the late Governor and his family, praying for his return, for his health, and for his goodness to them when here – nay, even those who were the most censorious and abusive are now his greatest advocates.[119]
Indeed, Harris passed on the well-wishes of people like Minchin and Johnston, stating that they ‘desire to be remembered kindly to you.’[120] Harris, meanwhile, had resigned or been dismissed from all his civil offices. The conflict between Bligh, Macarthur and the New South Wales Corps has been well-documented. Tensions reached breaking point when Macarthur defied an arrest warrant for sedition and libel, partly related to his importation of illegal stills.[121] Harris had in fact given evidence in a previous trial concerning the stills, testifying that the pieces of the still that Macarthur had taken possession of were not functional.[122] The January 1808 trial of Macarthur, on the most serious charges he had ever faced, collapsed when Macarthur objected to Atkins’s serving as Judge-Advocate whilst the sympathetic Corps officers on the bench howled Atkins out of the court room.[123] The following day Johnston led the New South Wales Corps up to Government House along Bridge Street to arrest Bligh, who was eventually found hiding under a bed.

A Public Figure
Harris returned to New South Wales on the same ship as the convict architect Francis Greenway. Greenway would later design and build the urban landscape of the Macquaries’ Sydney, but not before Harris contracted him to design renovations for his house at Ultimo.
the Dr. with an air of utmost importance strutted up to me & said, I can explain that to you Madam, I was once summon’d to attend a Court martial, the Gentleman in reading the charge happen’d to say this Court being commenced on the 12th. Ultimo, instead of instant; they were not classical, but I Madam being classical immediately perceived the mistake; I ridiculed them, and wrote verses on the subject.[134]


* * *
In the 1830s, Harris largely retired from public service to his home at Shane’s Park, Dharug Country in order to manage his farms and pastoral land, including a property named Kalangan or Callaghan, over the mountains near Harden and Murrumburrah, in Wiradjuri Country.[170] He never visited those pastoral stations as he was increasingly confined to a wheelchair by his long-term hip injury. His wife Eliza died in February 1837 and he followed in April the following year, leaving an estate worth £150,000.[171] His neighbour, Harriet King, wrote that ‘he was much softened before his death but he appeared not to know where to look for comfort.’[172] Elizabeth Macarthur was less kind, stating that after the death of his wife ‘he had given way to the most miserly habits and lived in a comparative degree of wretchedness and discomfort.’[173] Harris left his mark on the landscape of Cadi (Sydney), as most of his contemporaries have, but he has never been as notorious as John Macarthur or Samuel Marsden. He managed to slip through the political and social conflicts he found himself in. Like his fellow officers, he wanted to improve his standing in British society through success on the colonial margins of the Empire. Yet doubt about his status as a gentleman followed him throughout his life, his learned respectability and public service undermined through his coarse language, his participation in commerce, and a perception of pretention. Harris was not as large a character as Macarthur or Bligh, but in many ways he was emblematic of colonialism, his life illustrating many of the political and social dynamics of the first decades of settler colonial Australia.
CITE THIS
Alexander Cameron-Smith, “A ‘Raw, Ignorant Boy’: John Harris, Esquire,” St. John’s Online, (2020), https://stjohnsonline.org/bio/john-harris, accessed [insert current date]Acknowledgements
Biographical selection, assignment, editing & multimedia: Michaela Ann Cameron.References
Primary Sources- John Thomas Bigge, Report of the Commissioner of Inquiry into the State of the Colony of New South Wales, (Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia, 1966).
- F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1892–1901).
- David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, with remarks on the dispositions, customs, manners, etc, of the native inhabitants of that country, (Sydney: A. H. and A. W. Reed, 1971).
- John Harris Papers, A 1597, State Library of New South Wales.
- Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales.
- John Oxley, Journals of Two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales: Undertaken by Order of the British Government in the Years 1817–18, (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 2002), http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00066.pdf, accessed online 27 April 2020.
- Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914–1925).
- Alan Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, Vol. I, (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2016).
- Maurice J. Bric, “The United Irishmen, International Republicanism and the Definition of the Polity in the United States of America, 1791–1800,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literacy, Vol. 104C, No. 4, (2004): 81–106.
- Nancy J. Curtin, The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- Greg Dening, Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power, and Theatre on the Bounty, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
- Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988).
- Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010).
- Bruce Kercher, Debt, Seduction and Other Disasters: The Birth of Civil Law in Convict New South Wales, (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1996).
- Shino Konishi, The Aboriginal Male in the Enlightenment World, (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2015).
- John Ritchie (ed), A Charge of Mutiny: The Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the Rebellion of 26 January 1808, (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1988).
- Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009).
- J. Ryan, Land Grants, 1788–1809, (Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1981).
Notes
[1] The description of Surgeon John Harris as a ‘raw, ignorant boy’ is found in Henry Browne Hayes, “Sir H. B. Hayes to Lord Hobart, Sydney, 6 May 1803,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. V—King. 1803, 1804, 1805, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1897), p. 105. For a general discussion about giving prime position to indigenous endonyms and subordinating European imposed exonyms in both the colonial Australian and colonial American contexts as a mark of respect and to “sound” language, see “Name-Calling: A Dual Naming Policy,” St. John’s Cemetery Project (2020), https://stjohnscemeteryproject.org/editorial-policies/name-calling-a-dual-naming-policy/, accessed 27 April 2020, adapted from “Name-Calling: Notes on Terminology,” in Michaela Ann Cameron (Ph.D. Diss.), “Stealing the Turtle’s Voice: A Dual History of Western and Algonquian-Iroquoian Soundways from Creation to Re-creation,” (Sydney: Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, 2018), pp. 25–35, http://bit.ly/stealingturtle, accessed 30 March 2020. Most Aboriginal endonyms in this project have been sourced from Harold Koch and Luise Hercus (eds.), Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape, (Canberra: ANU E Press, 2009), https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HyHh-OrnRGoC&lpg=PR1&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false, accessed 30 March 2020. [2] “Nepean River, previously Cowpasture River, Mittagong River, London River, Aboriginal name Yandhai,” in New South Wales Government, Geographical Names Board, https://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=ujKqZxsyMn, accessed 30 March 2020. [3] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 14. [4] Masonic Lodge Certificate, 26 March 1789, Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales. [5] Alan Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, Vol. I, (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2016), pp. 338–40. [6] Nancy J. Curtin, The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 56. [7] Nancy J. Curtin, The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 56; See also Jim Smyth, “Wolfe Tone’s Library: The United Irishmen and ‘Enlightenment,” Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 45, No. 3, (2012): 427. [8] Nancy J. Curtin, The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 31; See also Nancy J. Curtin, “The Transformation of the Society of United Irishmen into a Mass-Based Revolutionary Organisation, 1794–6,” Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 24, No. 96, (1985): 465–6. [9] William Harris to John Harris, 9 September 1793, p. 2, Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales. [10] William Harris to John Harris, 9 September 1793, p. 2, Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales; Reynolds and other members of the United Irishmen ended up in exile in the United States, see Maurice J. Bric, “The United Irishmen, International Republicanism and the Definition of the Polity in the United States of America, 1791–1800,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literacy, Vol. 104C, No. 4, (2004): 81–106. [11] Ann Harris to John Harris, 7 June 1793, p. 2, Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales. [12] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [13] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck, Home Secretary], 12 October 1800,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), pp. 236–8. [14] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 15. [15] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 16. [16] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), pp. 41–2. [17] Joseph Foveaux, “Lieutenant-Colonel Foveaux to Viscount Castlereagh [Secretary of the Colonies, Robert Stewart], Sydney, Port Jackson, 6 September 1808,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VI. August 1806–December 1808, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 647. [18] John Ritchie (ed), The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, Vol. I, (Melbourne: Heinemann, 1971), p. 137. [19] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), pp. 16–7. [20] David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, with remarks on the dispositions, customs, manners, etc, of the native inhabitants of that country, (Sydney: A. H. and A. W. Reed, 1971), pp. 351–2. [21] “Sydney,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Sunday 23 October 1808, p. 2. [22] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 19. [23] “Surgeon Harris’s Account of the Quarrel Between Captain Gilbert and Lieutenant Macarthur,” November 1789, in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. II—Grose and Patterson. 1793–1795, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1893), p. 428. [24] “Surgeon Harris’s Account of the Quarrel Between Captain Gilbert and Lieutenant Macarthur,” November 1789, in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. II—Grose and Patterson. 1793–1795, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1893), pp. 430–31. [25] “Surgeon Harris’s Account of the Quarrel Between Captain Gilbert and Lieutenant Macarthur,” November 1789, in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. II—Grose and Patterson. 1793–1795, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1893), pp. 430–31. [26] “Surgeon Harris’s Account of the Quarrel Between Captain Gilbert and Lieutenant Macarthur,” November 1789, in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. II—Grose and Patterson. 1793–1795, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1893), p. 431. [27] Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), pp. 234–74. [28] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 2, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427376, State Library of New South Wales. [29] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 3, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427378, State Library of New South Wales. [30] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 9, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427398, State Library of New South Wales. [31] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 9, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427398, State Library of New South Wales. [32] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 10, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427400, State Library of New South Wales. [33] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” pp. 9–10, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427398 & FL3427400, State Library of New South Wales. [34] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” pp. 5–6, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427383 & FL3427389, State Library of New South Wales. [35] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 6, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427389, State Library of New South Wales. [36] Shino Konishi, The Aboriginal Male in the Enlightenment World, (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2015), pp. 18–20. [37] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 6, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427389, State Library of New South Wales. [38] Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), pp. 386–92. [39] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 6, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427389, State Library of New South Wales. [40] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 7, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427392, State Library of New South Wales. [41] John Harris, “John Harris to Unnamed Correspondent, 20 March 1791,” p. 7, John Harris Papers, A 1597 / FL3427392, State Library of New South Wales. [42] For the endoynym Coquun (Hunter River), see Damon Cronshaw, “Aboriginal Names for City Landmarks,” Newcastle Herald, (24 September 2013), https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/1799530/aboriginal-names-for-city-landmarks/, accessed 28 March 2020. [43] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Governor King, Hunter’s River, 25 June 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 417. [44] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Governor King, Hunter’s River, 25 June 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 417. [45] Lachlan Macquarie, “Governor Macquarie to Earl Bathurst, Government House, Sydney, 1 March 1819,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. X. January 1819–December 1822, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917), p. 23. For the Aboriginal endonym ‘Wambool’ see: “Aboriginal People,” Bathurst Regional Council, (n.d.), https://www.bathurst.nsw.gov.au/community/community_mm/aboriginal-people/190-indigenous-people.html, accessed 30 March 2020. Regarding the Aboriginal endonym Guruk for “Port Macquarie,” see Peter Daniels, “A Sign of the Times: Welcome to Guruk,” (5 December 2016), https://www.portnews.com.au/story/4335926/a-sign-of-the-times-welcome-to-guruk/, accessed 30 March 2020; for Muloobinba (Newcastle) see City of Newcastle, “Our History – Our Stories,” (n.d.), https://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/Explore/History-Heritage/Our-history-our-stories, accessed 30 March 2020. [46] John Oxley, Journals of Two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales: Undertaken by Order of the British Government in the Years 1817–18, (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 2002), p. 164, http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00066.pdf, accessed online 27 April 2020. [47] John Oxley, Journals of Two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales: Undertaken by Order of the British Government in the Years 1817–18, (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 2002), p. 164, http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00066.pdf, accessed online 27 April 2020. [48] John Oxley, Journals of Two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales: Undertaken by Order of the British Government in the Years 1817–18, (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 2002), p. 165, http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00066.pdf, accessed online 27 April 2020. [49] John Oxley, Journals of Two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales: Undertaken by Order of the British Government in the Years 1817–18, (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 2002), p. 165, http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00066.pdf, accessed online 27 April 2020. [50] See Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power, and Theatre on the Bounty, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994). [51] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), pp. 28–9; Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), p. 137. [52] R. J. Ryan, Land Grants, 1788–1809, (Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1981), pp. 16–9. [53] Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), pp. 117–8. [54] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009). [55] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 27. [56] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), p. 42. [57] Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), pp. 145–9. [58] John Hunter, “Governor Hunter to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck, Home Secretary], Sydney, New South Wales, 25 July 1798,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. II, 1797–1800, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914), pp. 172–87. [59] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), p. 23. [60] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [61] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [62] Bruce Kercher states that Harris’s interpretation of Blackstone was correct, see Bruce Kercher, Debt, Seduction and Other Disasters: The Birth of Civil Law in Convict New South Wales, (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1996), p. 30. [63] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [64] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [65] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [66] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [67] John Macarthur, “Captain Macarthur to Governor Hunter, Parramatta, 25 July 1796,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. II, 1797–1800, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914), p. 103. [68] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [69] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [70] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [71] Atkins vs Harris, [1799] NSWKR 4; [1799] NSWSupC 4, “Court of Civil Jurisdiction, Dore J.A.., 28–30 May, 3, 5, 10 June 1799,” Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788–1899, (Division of Law, Macquarie University, 2011), http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1799/atkins_esq_v_harris_esq/, accessed 27 April 2020. [72] Philip Gidley King, “Lieutenant-Governor King to The Rev’d Richard Johnson and Others, Sydney, 7 August 1800,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. II. 1797–1800, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914), pp. 534–6; “Enclosure No. 5. General Orders,” in Philip Gidley King, “Acting-Governor King to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck, Home Secretary], Sydney, New South Wales, 28 September 1800,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. II. 1797–1800, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914), p. 621. [73] “Government and General Orders, 27 July 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 444. [74] “Robbery,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Sunday 28 August 1803, p. 4; “Sydney,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Sunday 4 September 1803, p. 2; “Sydney. Court of Criminal Jurisdiction,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Sunday 12 January 1806, p. 2. [75] “Alarming Fire,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Sunday 4 December 1803, p. 1. [76] “Enclosure 1: The Two Trials of Lieutenant Marshall,” in Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck], 21 August 1801, in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 195. [77] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck], Sydney, New South Wales, 25 September 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 525. [78] John Harris, “Surgeon J. Harris to Governor King, Sydney Barracks, 25 September 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 575. [79] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to The Duke of Portland [William Cavendish-Bentinck], Sydney, New South Wales, 25 September 1801,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 528. [80] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), pp. 51–2. [81] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord [Robert] Hobart, [Secretary of State for the Colonies], Sydney, New South Wales, 9 November 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 647. [82] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord [Robert] Hobart, [Secretary of State for the Colonies], Sydney, New South Wales, 9 November 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 648. [83] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Paterson, Sydney, 4 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 657–8. [84] Anthony Fenn Kemp, “Captain Kemp to Commodore [Nicholas] Baudin, Sydney, 6 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 663–4. [85] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Paterson, Sydney, 4 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 657–8. [86] “Officers to Governor King, [n.d.]” and William Minchin, “Adjutant Minchin’s Declaration, Sydney, 6 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 664; William Minchin, “Adjutant Minchin to Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson, Sydney, 6 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 664–5; William Paterson, “Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson to Governor King, Sydney, 6 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 663. [87] See Governor King’s marginal notes to “Officers to Governor King, [n.d.],” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 664. [88] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Paterson, Sydney, 8 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 671. [89] William Minchin, “Adjutant Minchin to Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Paterson, 8 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 675; Anthony Fenn Kemp, “Captain Kemp to Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Paterson, Sydney, 9 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 675. [90] William Paterson, “Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson to Governor King, Sydney, 9 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 674. [91] William Paterson, “Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson to Governor King, Sydney, 9 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 674. [92] William Paterson, “Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson to Governor King, Sydney, 9 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 674. [93] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, 9 November 1802,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), pp. 972–3. [94] William Paterson, “Indictments of Surgeon Harris and Ensign Minchin, [n.d.],” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 684. [95] “Proceedings of Court-Martial, 13 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 686–8. [96] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, 9 May 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 163; William Paterson, “Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson to Governor King, Sydney, 8 October 1802,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), p. 992. [97] “Petition to Governor King, [n.d.],” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 680. [98] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, 9 November 1802,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. IV—Hunter and King. 1800, 1801, 1802, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1896), pp. 973–4. [99] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson, 11 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 679. [100] William Paterson, “Lieutenant Colonel Paterson to Mr. Thomson, Sydney, 13 October 1802,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia., Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. III, 1801–1802, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 680; Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson, Government House, Sydney, 25 January 1803,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. V—King. 1803, 1804, 1805, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1897), p. 10. [101] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, Sydney, New South Wales, 9 May 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 168. [102] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, Sydney, New South Wales, 9 May 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 168. [103] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Lord Hobart, Sydney, New South Wales, 9 May 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 160. [104] “Charge exhibited by Major George Johnston, Commanding Officer of the New South Wales Corps, against Surgeon John Harris, 23 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 177–8; George Johnston, “Major Johnston to Governor King, Sydney 23 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 177. [105] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Governor King, Sydney, 23 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 178; Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Major Johnston, Sydney, 28 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 189–90. [106] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Major Johnston, 23 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 181. [107] George Johnston, “Major Johnston to Governor King, Sydney, 25 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), p. 186. [108] Philip Gidley King, “Governor King to Major Johnston, 26 February 1803,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IV. 1803–June 1804, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1915), pp. 187–8. [109] Henry Browne Hayes, “Sir H. B. Hayes to Lord Hobart, Sydney, 6 May 1803,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. V—King. 1803, 1804, 1805, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1897), p. 105. [110] R. J. Ryan, Land Grants, 1788–1809, (Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1981), p. 164; Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 38. [111] R. J. Ryan, Land Grants, 1788–1809, (Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1981), pp. 184–5. [112] William Bligh, “Governor Bligh to The Right Hon. William Windham, Government House, Sydney, New South Wales, 31 October 1807,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VI. August 1806–December 1808, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), pp. 162–4. [113] John Harris, “The Memorial of John Harris, Late Surgeon of the 102d Foot to the Right Honorable Earl Bathurst His Majesty’s Secretary of State for the War and Colonies, 9 July 1813,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VIII, July 1813–December 1815, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 56; Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010), p. 137. [114] William Bligh, “Governor Bligh to The Right Hon. William Windham, Government House, Sydney, New South Wales, 31 October 1807,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VI. August 1806–December 1808, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 155. [115] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Governor King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), p. 337. [116] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Mrs. [Anna] King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), pp. 343–4. [117] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Mrs. [Anna] King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), p. 344. [118] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Mrs. [Anna] King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), p. 346. [119] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Mrs. [Anna] King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), p. 346. [120] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Mrs. [Anna] King, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), pp. 347–8. [121] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), p. 98. [122] “Macarthur v. Campbell, Jun’r. Report of Proceedings, 24 October 1807,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. VI—King and Bligh. 1806, 1807, 1808, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1898), p. 333. [123] Ross Fitzgerald and Mark Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, (Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 1988), pp. 98–9. [124] John Ritchie (ed), A Charge of Mutiny: The Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the Rebellion of 26 January 1808, (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1988), p. 329. [125] John Ritchie (ed), A Charge of Mutiny: The Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the Rebellion of 26 January 1808, (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1988), p. 134. [126] John Harris, “Surgeon Harris to Major [George] Johnston, Sydney, 5 April 1808,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VI. August 1806–December 1808, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 517. [127] George Johnston, “Major Johnston to Surgeon Harris, Head Quarters, Sydney, 7 April 1808,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VI. August 1806–December 1808, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 518. [128] John Macarthur, “John Macarthur to John Piper, 24 May 1808,” Captain John Piper Papers and Correspondence, 1790–1845, Vol I, SAFE/A 254, State Library of New South Wales. [129] John Ritchie (ed), A Charge of Mutiny: The Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the Rebellion of 26 January 1808, (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1988), p. 327. [130] John Ritchie (ed), A Charge of Mutiny: The Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the Rebellion of 26 January 1808, (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1988), p. 334. [131] John Harris, “The Memorial of John Harris, Late Surgeon of the 102d Foot to the Right Honorable Earl Bathurst His Majesty’s Secretary of State for the War and Colonies, 9 July 1813,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VIII, July 1813–December 1815, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 57. [132] John Harris, “The Memorial of John Harris, Late Surgeon of the 102d Foot to the Right Honorable Earl Bathurst His Majesty’s Secretary of State for the War and Colonies, 9 July 1813,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VIII, July 1813–December 1815, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 57. [133] Henry Goulburn, “Under-secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Macquarie, Downing Street, 7 August 1813,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VIII, July 1813–December 1815, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), pp. 55–6. [134] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 50. [135] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 50. [136] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 50. [137] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 50. [138] Henry Browne Hayes, “Sir H. B. Hayes to Lord Hobart, Sydney, 6 May 1803,” in F. M. Bladen (ed.), Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. V—King. 1803, 1804, 1805, (Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer, 1897), p. 105. [139] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 15 July 1826, p. 2. [140] “Proceedings of a Court of Medical Inquiry…, Sydney, 16 March 1813,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. VIII, July 1813–December 1815, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916), p. 248. [141] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 44. “Nepean River, previously Cowpasture River, Mittagong River, London River, Aboriginal name Yandhai,” in New South Wales Government, Geographical Names Board, https://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=ujKqZxsyMn, accessed 30 March 2020. [142] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 44. [143] “Enclosure No. 3: Bank of New South Wales” in “Governor Macquarie to Henry Bathurst, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sydney, N. S. Wales, 29 March 1817,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Governors’ Despatches to and from England, Vol. IX, January 1816–December 1818, (Sydney: The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917), p. 233. [144] John Ritchie (ed), The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, Vol. I, (Melbourne: Heinemann, 1971), p. 214. [145] John Thomas Bigge, Report of the Commissioner of Inquiry into the State of the Colony of New South Wales, (Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia, 1966), p. 80. [146] Thomas Brisbane, Francis Forbes and Thomas Hobbes Scott, “Sir Thomas Brisbane, Cief Justice Forbes and Archdeacon Scott to Earl Bathurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 11 August 1825,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Despatches from Sir Thomas Brisbane, Vol. XI, January 1823–November 1825, (Sydney: The Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917), pp. 782–803; Thomas Brisbane, “Sir Thomas Brisbane to Earl Bathurst, Government House, New South Wales, 28 September 1825,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Despatches from Sir Thomas Brisbane, Vol. XI, January 1823–November 1825, (Sydney: The Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917), pp. 854–9; Thomas Brisbane, “Sir Thomas Brisbane to Earl Bathurst, Govt. House, N.S.W., 10 October 1825,” in Frederick Watson (ed.), Historical Records of Australia, Series I. Despatches from Sir Thomas Brisbane, Vol. XI, January 1823–November 1825, (Sydney: The Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917), pp. 870–6. [147] John Harris, “John Harris to Attorney-General Saxe Bannister, 10 September 1825, John Harris Papers, A 1597, State Library of New South Wales. [148] “Liverpool Quarter Sessions,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 8 July 1826, p. 3. [149] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 15 July 1826, p. 2. [150] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 15 July 1826, p. 2. [151] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 15 July 1826, p. 2. [152] Alan Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, Vol II, (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2016), pp. 72–7. [153] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 5 July 1826, p. 2. [154] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 5 July 1826, p. 2. [155] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 5 July 1826, p. 2. [156] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 5 July 1826, p. 2. [157] John Harris, “To the Editor of the Sydney Gazette,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 3. [158] John Harris, “To the Editor of the Sydney Gazette,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 3. [159] John Harris, “To the Editor of the Sydney Gazette,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 3. [160] John Harris, “To the Editor of the Sydney Gazette,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 3. [161] John Harris, “To the Editor of the Sydney Gazette,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 3. [162] “Dr. Harris,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 12 July 1826, p. 2. [163] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 15 July 1826, p. 2. [164] “Australasian Politics. Dr. Harris,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 19 July 1826, p. 2. [165] “Australasian Politics. Dr. Harris,” The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842), Wednesday 19 July 1826, p. 2. [166] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 19 July 1826, p. 2. [167] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 19 July 1826, p. 2. [168] “No title,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Saturday 22 July 1826, p. 3. [169] “Doctor Harris,” The Australian (Sydney, NSW : 1824 – 1848), Wednesday 20 June 1827, p. 2. [170] John Harris, “John Harris to Overseer Clerke, 23 February 1837,” Harris Family Papers, 1789–1855, MLDOC 2452, State Library of New South Wales. [171] Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), pp. 57–8. [172] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 57. [173] Quoted in Sue Rosen, Australia’s Oldest House: Surgeon John Harris and Experiment Farm Cottage, (Sydney: Halstead Press, 2009), p. 57.© Copyright 2020 Alexander Cameron-Smith and Michaela Ann Cameron for St. John’s Online